A2 syntax

Prepositions (à, de, en, dans, chez, pour, par, sur, sous, avec)

The small words that pin nouns to verbs. À, de, en, dans, chez — each does specific work, and they don't map cleanly onto English. Learning when to use which is half memorisation, half pattern-recognition through reading.

A preposition is the word that connects a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence. I’m going to the store. The book is on the table. I came with my friend.

French prepositions look small but do enormous work, and they almost never line up one-to-one with English prepositions. À is sometimes at, sometimes to, sometimes in. De is sometimes of, sometimes from, sometimes about. En is sometimes in, sometimes to, sometimes as. The mismatch is the source of a thousand small errors that slowly disappear with reading.

This page covers the most common ones and the patterns they fall into. Memorising them as a list won’t work; you have to see them dozens of times in context.

À — to, at, in (specific points)

À is the most-used French preposition. Its job is to mark a destination, a precise location, an indirect object, a means, or a time.

UseExampleEnglish
DestinationJe vais à Paris.I’m going to Paris.
Location (specific)Je suis à la maison.I’m at home.
Indirect objectJe parle à Marie.I’m speaking to Marie.
TimeLe train part à huit heures.The train leaves at eight.
Possession (alternative)Ce livre est à moi.This book is mine.
Means of transport (mostly small/personal)À pied, à vélo, à cheval.On foot, by bike, on horseback.
Cooking methodTarte à la crème.Cream tart.

Cities use à: à Paris, à Rome, à Tokyo. Masculine countries use au: au Japon, au Canada. Feminine countries use en: en France, en Italie. (See the country/city rules in articles.)

De — of, from, about

De marks origin, possession, partitive amounts, or specification.

UseExampleEnglish
OriginJe viens de Paris.I come from Paris.
PossessionLe livre de Marie.Marie’s book.
PartitiveJe veux du pain.I want some bread.
TopicOn parle de politique.We’re talking about politics.
MaterialUne table en bois (also: de bois).A wooden table.
CauseMort de faim.Dead of hunger.

De contracts to du before masculine le, and des before plural les: du livre, des enfants. De la and de l’ don’t contract.

En — in, to (general locations and times)

En is for general locations, durations, materials, and means of transport.

UseExampleEnglish
Feminine countries / regionsen France, en Italiein / to France, Italy
Months and seasonsen janvier, en étéin January, in summer (but: au printemps)
Yearsen 2026in 2026
Duration to completeJe le fais en dix minutes.I do it in ten minutes.
Means of transport (large/enclosed)en voiture, en train, en avionby car, by train, by plane
MaterialUne bague en or.A gold ring.
Manneren silence, en colèresilently, angrily

The transport split between à and en: small/open use à (à pied, à vélo), large/enclosed use en (en voiture, en avion). It’s not about size strictly but about whether you sit in it.

Dans — inside, in (closed spaces and specific times)

Dans marks an enclosed space or a future time-from-now.

UseExampleEnglish
Inside a closed spacedans la maison, dans le sacin the house, in the bag
Future timedans une heurein an hour (from now)
Period (loose)dans les années 80in the 80s

Dans vs. en for time:

  • dans une heure = in one hour from now (future point)
  • en une heure = within one hour, taking one hour to complete (duration)

Dans vs. à for location:

  • dans la maison = inside the house (enclosed)
  • à la maison = at home (general)

Chez — at someone’s place

A French preposition with no direct English equivalent. Chez means at the home/business of a person.

Je vais chez Marie.I’m going to Marie’s place. Il habite chez ses parents.He lives with his parents (at his parents’ place). J’ai mangé chez le médecin.I ate at the doctor’s office.

Always followed by a person (or a pronoun representing a person): chez moi, chez toi, chez lui, chez elle, chez nous, chez vous, chez eux, chez elles.

It also extends idiomatically to “in the writing/work of”: chez Camus, chez Flaubert (in Camus’s work, in Flaubert).

Pour — for, in order to

Pour expresses purpose, destination, or duration of intent.

UseExampleEnglish
PurposeJe travaille pour vivre.I work to live.
Destination (with partir)Je pars pour Paris.I’m leaving for Paris.
RecipientCe cadeau est pour toi.This gift is for you.
Intended durationJe pars pour trois jours.I’m leaving for three days.
In favor ofJe suis pour cette idée.I’m in favor of this idea.

Pour + infinitive expresses purpose: Je l’ai fait pour t’aider (I did it to help you).

Par — by, through, per

Par marks an agent (in passives), a route, a frequency, or a means.

UseExampleEnglish
Agent (passive)Le livre a été écrit par Voltaire.The book was written by Voltaire.
RouteJe passe par Lyon.I’m going by way of Lyon.
FrequencyUne fois par semaine.Once a week.
Meanspar courriel, par téléphoneby email, by phone
Causepar accident, par hasardby accident, by chance

Sur and sous — on and under

Straightforward spatial prepositions.

Le livre est sur la table.The book is on the table. Le chat est sous la table.The cat is under the table.

Sur extends idiomatically to topics (un livre sur la guerre) and proportions (deux sur dix).

Avec and sans — with and without

Je viens avec toi.I’m coming with you. Je le fais sans problème.I do it without a problem.

Sans often appears with infinitive: sans dire (without saying), sans manger (without eating).

Verbs that take specific prepositions

A particular kind of vocabulary work: French verbs each have their own preposition habits, and you have to learn them with the verb.

VerbPrepositionExample
parlerde / àparler à quelqu’un, parler de quelque chose
penserà / depenser à quelque chose (think about), penser de quelqu’un (have an opinion about)
jouerà / dejouer à un jeu (play a game), jouer de la musique (play an instrument)
s’intéresseràje m’intéresse à la musique
avoir besoindej’ai besoin de toi
être contentdeje suis content de toi
dépendredeça dépend de toi

These verb-preposition pairs are not predictable. You learn them as combinations, like English depend on, think about, care for.

What you don’t need to do

You don’t need to learn all prepositions in a single sitting. Start with à, de, en, dans, avec, sans. Add the others as you read and encounter them.

You don’t need to translate prepositions one-to-one from English. Penser à doesn’t mean think to. Parler de doesn’t mean speak of in every context. Treat French prepositions as French ideas with their own logic.

You don’t need to memorise verb-preposition pairs as a list. Learn them in context: when you read je m’intéresse à la musique in a book, the à sticks with the verb. Drill cards rarely beat reading.

Common confusions

  • À vs. de with countries. Cities take à; feminine countries take en; masculine countries take au. À Paris, en France, au Japon.
  • Dans vs. en for time. Dans une heure (in an hour from now). En une heure (taking an hour to complete).
  • Chez never takes a thing as object. Chez Marie, not chez la maison. For the latter you’d say à la maison or dans la maison.
  • Penser à vs. penser de. Je pense à toi (I’m thinking of you, fond). Que penses-tu de lui? (What do you think of him, opinion).
  • Jouer à vs. jouer de. Sports and games take à: jouer au foot, jouer aux échecs. Instruments take de: jouer du piano, jouer de la guitare.

Where you’ll meet it in the library

Prepositions are in every sentence; the books that drill them in the most natural way:

  • Le Petit Prince (A1) — gentle, repetitive uses of sur, dans, à, avec. The travel chapters between planets are saturated with location prepositions.
  • Madame Bovary (B2) — Flaubert’s slow descriptive prose loads every sentence with à, de, en, dans. Reading any descriptive paragraph is a preposition exercise.
  • Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (B2) — Dumas’s globetrotting plot moves Edmond à, de, en, par, vers, jusqu’à dozens of cities. Travel preposition heaven.
  • Les Trois Mousquetaires (B1) — verbs of motion + prepositions on every page: partir pour, aller à, passer par, sortir de.
  • Candide (B1) — Voltaire’s geographical satire flings Candide across continents using a mix of all the location prepositions.
From the library

Where you'll see this in books.

Le Petit Prince
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, chapter 1
« J'habite chez moi, sur ma planète. C'est tout petit. C'est par là. »
'I live at home, on my planet. It's very small. It's that way.'
How Saint-Exupéry uses it. Saint-Exupéry uses chez (at someone's place), sur (on, for surfaces and planets), and par (by way of, through). Each preposition does a specific spatial job. Reading the prince's chapters is a tour of the most common French prepositions in their natural register.
Madame Bovary
Gustave Flaubert, chapter Generic example based on Bovary's narrative
Charles partit pour Rouen sans dire à personne ce qu'il allait y chercher. Il revint chez lui à dix heures du soir, par le train de la nuit.
Charles left for Rouen without telling anyone what he was going to look for. He returned home at ten in the evening, on the night train.
How Flaubert uses it. Flaubert packs five prepositions into two sentences: pour (for, destination), à (to, indirect object), chez (home), à (at, time), par (by, means of transport). The verbs all need different prepositions to express their objects. Without prepositions, French would have no way to attach these phrases.
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo
Alexandre Dumas, chapter 1
Edmond enfila son habit, descendit dans la rue, monta dans la voiture qui l'attendait, et partit pour Marseille.
Edmond put on his coat, went down into the street, got into the carriage that was waiting for him, and left for Marseille.
How Dumas uses it. Dumas uses dans (into) twice and pour once. Note that French uses dans la rue (into/in the street) where English would use 'into the street.' The verb partir takes pour for destination — partir pour Marseille (leave for Marseille), not partir à Marseille.
Adjacent topics