B1 mood

O Conjuntivo

The Portuguese subjunctive — used to express doubt, desire, emotion, hypothesis, and uncertainty. Three tenses (present, imperfect, future). Triggered by specific verbs and conjunctions. One of the most demanding skills in Portuguese, and one of the most distinctive.

The conjuntivo (subjunctive) is one of the most distinctive features of Portuguese. It is a mood — not a tense — used to express doubt, desire, emotion, hypothesis, uncertainty, and other non-factual attitudes.

Portuguese uses the conjuntivo more than English (which has almost lost it) and similarly to other Romance languages. There are three main conjuntivo tenses:

  1. Presente do conjuntivo (present subjunctive): que eu fale
  2. Imperfeito do conjuntivo (imperfect subjunctive): que eu falasse
  3. Futuro do conjuntivo (future subjunctive): se eu falar (see futuro-do-conjuntivo)

Plus their compound forms (perfect subjunctive, pluperfect subjunctive).

The conjuntivo is triggered, not chosen. Specific verbs, conjunctions, and constructions require it.

When the conjuntivo is triggered

After verbs expressing desire, will, request

  • querer que, desejar que, pedir que, mandar que, ordenar que, esperar que

Quero que tu fales.I want you to speak. Espero que ele chegue cedo.I hope he arrives early.

After verbs expressing emotion

  • gostar que, lamentar que, ter pena que, alegrar-se que, ter medo que

Lamento que estejas doente.I’m sorry you’re sick. Tenho medo que ele caia.I’m afraid he might fall.

After verbs expressing doubt or denial

  • duvidar que, não acreditar que, negar que, não pensar que

Duvido que ele venha.I doubt he’ll come. Não acredito que seja verdade.I don’t believe it’s true.

Note: with verbs of belief in the affirmative, you use the indicative.

  • Acredito que ele vem. (indicative)
  • Não acredito que ele venha. (subjunctive — negation triggers it)

After impersonal expressions

  • é preciso que, é necessário que, é possível que, é importante que, é melhor que

É preciso que tu estudes.You need to study. É possível que chova.It might rain.

After conjunctions

  • embora, mesmo que, para que, sem que, antes que, a fim de que, caso, ainda que, desde que

Embora esteja cansado, vou.Although I’m tired, I’m going. Vou levar o guarda-chuva, caso chova.I’ll take the umbrella in case it rains.

After indefinite or hypothetical antecedents

Procuro alguém que fale português.I’m looking for someone who speaks Portuguese. (indefinite — anyone) Conheço alguém que fala português.I know someone who speaks Portuguese. (definite — indicative)

Forms — presente do conjuntivo

To form the presente do conjuntivo of regular verbs:

  1. Take the eu form of the present indicative
  2. Remove the -o
  3. Add the subjunctive endings

For -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -em For -er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -am

falarcomerpartir
eufalecomaparta
tufalescomaspartas
ele/elafalecomaparta
nósfalemoscomamospartamos
vósfaleiscomaispartais
elesfalemcomampartam

Irregular presente do conjuntivo

Verbs with irregular present indicative often have irregular conjuntivo too. Key ones:

VerbPresent (eu)Subjunctive (eu)
sersouseja
estarestouesteja
irvou
tertenhotenha
vervejoveja
dardou
saberseisaiba
haverheihaja
quererqueroqueira
poderpossopossa
pôrponhoponha

Forms — imperfeito do conjuntivo

To form the imperfeito do conjuntivo:

  1. Take the eles form of the pretérito perfeito (eles falaram)
  2. Remove the -ram
  3. Add: -sse, -sses, -sse, -ssemos, -sseis, -ssem
falarcomerpartir
eufalassecomessepartisse
tufalassescomessespartisses
ele/elafalassecomessepartisse
nósfalássemoscomêssemospartíssemos
elesfalassemcomessempartissem

Irregular imperfeito do conjuntivo

Built from the pretérito perfeito stem, so irregularities follow:

  • ser/ir (foram → fosse, fosses, fosse, fôssemos, fossem)
  • ter (tiveram → tivesse, tivesses, tivesse, tivéssemos, tivessem)
  • estar (estiveram → estivesse)
  • fazer (fizeram → fizesse)
  • dizer (disseram → dissesse)
  • ver (viram → visse)
  • vir (vieram → viesse)

When the imperfeito do conjuntivo is used

The imperfeito do conjuntivo is triggered when the main verb is in the past or when the situation is hypothetical/unreal in the present.

Past trigger + subjunctive

Queria que tu falasses.I wanted you to speak. Esperava que ele chegasse.I hoped he would arrive.

Hypothetical present (second conditional)

Se eu tivesse dinheiro, viajaria.If I had money, I would travel.

After se in a hypothetical present-or-future, Portuguese uses imperfeito do conjuntivo + conditional. (Note: this is different from the futuro do conjuntivo used for real future hypotheticals after se.)

FormUse
Se eu falar, …Real future — futuro do conjuntivo
Se eu falasse, …Hypothetical present — imperfeito do conjuntivo
Se eu tivesse falado, …Past unreality — pluperfect subjunctive

Sequence of tenses

Main verb (indicative)Subordinate verb (subjuntivo)
PresentPresente do conjuntivo: Quero que tu fales.
FuturePresente do conjuntivo: Direi que ele venha.
Past (perfeito/imperfeito)Imperfeito do conjuntivo: Queria que tu falasses.
ConditionalImperfeito do conjuntivo: Gostaria que ele viesse.

Compound conjuntivo forms

Pretérito perfeito do conjuntivo (= compound present subjunctive)

ter (present subjunctive) + past participle: que eu tenha falado

Espero que tu tenhas comido.I hope you have eaten.

Pretérito mais-que-perfeito do conjuntivo (pluperfect subjunctive)

ter (imperfect subjunctive) + past participle: que eu tivesse falado

Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.If I had studied, I would have passed. (third conditional in Portuguese)

What you don’t need to do

You don’t need to memorise every triggering verb at once. Learn the most common ones first: querer que, esperar que, duvidar que, é preciso que, embora, para que.

You don’t need to use the conjuntivo when there’s no triggering construction. Pure facts go in indicative.

You don’t need to translate every English subjunctive. English barely has subjunctive; many constructions use infinitive instead.

Common confusions

  • Belief negated triggers conjuntivo. Acredito que é (indicative) vs. Não acredito que seja (subjunctive).
  • Embora always takes conjuntivo. Embora seja, not embora é.
  • Se + imperfeito do conjuntivo for hypothetical present. Se eu fosse rico, not se eu era rico.
  • Sequence of tenses matters. Past main verb → imperfeito do conjuntivo, not present.

Where you’ll meet it in the library

The conjuntivo is everywhere in Portuguese prose:

  • Dom Quixote (A2+) — Quixote’s commands, doubts, and hopes all trigger the conjuntivo.
  • Madame Bovary (B2+) — Emma’s psychological yearning uses the imperfeito do conjuntivo. Desejava que, esperava que, queria que.
  • O Estrangeiro (B1+) — Camus’s narrator describes others’ expectations of him through the imperfeito do conjuntivo: queriam que eu mostrasse remorso.
From the library

Where you'll see this in books.

Dom Quixote
Miguel de Cervantes, chapter Adapted
Quero que me obedeças, Sancho. Não creio que existam gigantes maiores. Espero que Dulcinea me ame. Embora o mundo duvide de mim, eu sei a verdade.
I want you to obey me, Sancho. I do not believe there are bigger giants. I hope Dulcinea loves me. Although the world doubts me, I know the truth.
How Cervantes uses it. Quixote's monologue in Portuguese is dense with present conjuntivo. Obedeças (obey — triggered by quero que), existam (exist — triggered by não creio que), ame (love — triggered by espero que), duvide (doubt — triggered by embora). Four conjuntivo verbs in four sentences, each after a triggering expression of desire, doubt, hope, or concession.
Madame Bovary
Gustave Flaubert, chapter Adapted
Emma desejava que a sua vida fosse diferente. Esperava que Léon a amasse para sempre. Era preciso que algo mudasse. Talvez se tivesse casado com outro, fosse feliz.
Emma wished her life were different. She hoped Léon would love her forever. It was necessary that something change. Perhaps if she had married someone else, she would be happy.
How Flaubert uses it. Flaubert's psychological prose in Portuguese rendering uses the imperfeito do conjuntivo to express Emma's impossible wishes. Fosse (were — after desejava), amasse (loved — after esperava), mudasse (change — after era preciso), tivesse casado / fosse (had married, would be — past hypothetical). The imperfect subjunctive is the tense of unfulfillable longing.
O Estrangeiro
Albert Camus, chapter Adapted
O juiz queria que eu mostrasse remorso. Os jurados esperavam que eu pedisse perdão. A minha mãe teria querido que eu fosse diferente. Mas eu não podia fingir ser quem não era.
The judge wanted me to show remorse. The jurors hoped I would ask for forgiveness. My mother would have wanted me to be different. But I could not pretend to be who I was not.
How Camus uses it. Camus's protagonist in Portuguese rendering uses imperfeito do conjuntivo to describe other people's expectations of him. Mostrasse (show), pedisse (ask), fosse (be). The subjunctive captures the gap between what others wanted and what he was — the central theme of the novel.
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